用于作物表型信息边缘计算采集的认知无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

随着无线终端数量的快速增长和多媒体图像等高带宽传输业务需求的增加，农业物联网相关领域可预见地会出现无线频谱资源紧缺问题。针对基于传统物联网的作物表型信息采集系统中存在由于节点密集部署导致数据传输过程容易出现频谱竞争、数据拥堵的现象以及固定电池的网络由于能耗不均衡引起监测周期缩减等诸多问题，本研究建立了一个认知无线传感器网络（CRSN）作物表型信息采集模型，并针对模型提出一种引入边缘计算机制的动态频谱和能耗均衡（DSEB）的事件驱动分簇路由算法。算法包括：（1）动态频谱感知分簇，采用层次聚类算法结合频谱感知获取的可用信道、节点间的距离、剩余能量和邻居节点度为相似度对被监控区域内的节点进行聚类分簇并选取簇头，构建分簇拓扑的过程对各分簇大小的均衡性引入奖励和惩罚因子，提升网络各分簇平均频谱利用率；（2）融入边缘计算的事件触发数据路由，根据构建的分簇拓扑结构，将待检测各区域变化异常表型信息触发事件以簇内汇聚和簇间中继交替迭代方式转发至汇聚节点，簇内汇聚包括直传和簇内中继，簇间中继包括主网关节点和次网关节点-主网关节点两种情况；（3）基于频谱变化和通信服务质量（QoS）的自适应重新分簇：基于主用户行为变化引起的可用信道改变，或分簇效果不佳对通信服务质量产生的干扰，触发CRSN进行自适应重新分簇。此外，本研究还提出了一种新的能耗均衡策略去能量消耗中心化（假设sink为中心），即在网关或簇头节点选取计算式中引入与节点到sink的距离成正比的权重系数。算法仿真结果表明，与采用K-medoid分簇和能量感知的事件驱动分簇(ERP)路由方案相比，在CRSN节点数为定值的前提下，基于DSEB的分簇路由算法在网络生存期与能效等方面均具有一定的改进；在主用户节点数为定值时，所提算法比其它两种算法具有更高频谱利用率。     

丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草土壤线虫群落变化特征

为评估丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草的土壤生态效应，2017年9月，选取3块同一土壤类型、退耕3年的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地作为退耕还草的代表样地，以相邻未退耕的玉米（Zea Mays）田为对照，比较分析退耕还草土壤线虫群落的变化特征。结果表明：退耕还草样地0~10 cm土层含水量显著提高15.86%（P<0.05），pH值显著降低5.06%（P<0.05）；10~20 cm土层pH值显著降低4.57%（P<0.05），有效磷含量显著降低26.83%（P<0.05）。退耕种植紫花苜蓿草地共鉴定出土壤线虫18 307条，49个属，未退耕玉米田共鉴定出土壤线虫10 706条，45个属，退耕还草后土壤线虫c-p类群由短世代型向长世代型转移，土壤环境受到扰动降低，土壤线虫群落的多样性和稳定性增加，结构指数（SI）和富集指数（EI）表明退耕还草提高了土壤健康程度，同时降低了土壤所受的干扰程度。土壤线虫数量与土壤pH值、含水量、全氮和硝态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）；食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫相对丰度与土壤有效磷含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01），植物寄生性线虫和捕/杂食线虫相对丰度与有机碳和铵态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01），与全氮含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）。研究表明，退耕还草改变了土壤pH值及全氮、有效磷养分含量，改变了土壤线虫群落结构和多样性，提升了土壤健康水平。     

桑叶的生理功能及在猪生产中的应用

桑叶中富含丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物和氨基酸等营养物质,具有降脂、抗氧化、降血糖等多样化功能,是良好的畜禽饲料资源.但对桑叶的重视程度不够,使得桑叶在我国未能得到大规模的开发利用,导致桑叶资源的大量浪费。文章对桑叶的生理功能和在猪生产中的应用进行相关综述。     

青蒿素及其衍生物在动物生产中的应用研究

青蒿素是一种倍半萜内酯类化合物,其特殊的过氧基团结构使其具有抗疟疾、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗寄生虫、免疫调节、缓解热应激、促进生长等作用。青蒿素及其衍生物应用于动物生产中可以替代抗生素,具有广阔的应用前景。文章对青蒿素及其衍生物的生理功能、主要提取方式及在动物生产中的应用进行论述。     

基于SIMDual_Kc模型估算非充分灌水条件下冬小麦蒸散量

为研究关中冬小麦植株蒸腾和土壤蒸发规律,利用2 a冬小麦小区控水试验实测数据,率定和验证了双作物系数SIMDual_Kc模型在关中地区的适用性.用大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测蒸散量值(或水量平衡法计算值)与模型模拟值进行对比.结果表明:SIMDualKc模型可较准确地模拟关中不同水分条件下冬小麦蒸散量,且模拟精度较高.模型估算的平均绝对误差为0.643 3 mm/d.模型估算的冬小麦初期、中期和后期的基础作物系数分别为0.35,1.30,0.20.另外,模型还可以较准确地估算不同水分供应条件下的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量和植株蒸散量.冬小麦整个生育期,土壤蒸发主要发生在作物生育前期,中期较低,后期略微增大;植株蒸腾主要发生在作物快速生长期和生长中期,整个生育期中呈先增大后减小的趋势.     

农业分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani公式的逐月回归修正

为验证中国农业综合分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani(HS)公式线性回归修正方案的适用性,利用中国气象数据网发布的124个站点1957—2016年的逐月有效日平均气压、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、平均风速、平均水汽压、月总太阳辐射数据及站点经纬度数据,首先,分别基于Penman-Monteith(PM)公式和HS公式计算了各站点多年逐月的参考作物需水量ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)。然后,以ET_(0-PM)为真值,基于1957—2010年的逐月ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS),利用线性回归分析方法获取了中国38个农业管理子区的HS公式校正系数a、b,并以2011—2016年为验证年份,通过比较ET_(0-HS)校正前后的相对误差变化,验证了HS公式线性回归校正方法在中国农业区的适用性,并结合验证年份的具体误差结果,确定了各农业区HS公式校正系数a、b的逐月最优取值。结果表明:大部分农业区的大部分月份ET_(0-PM)与ET_(0-HS)的相关系数超过0. 6,可以进行ET_(0-HS)的回归校正;回归校正得到的系数a存在显著的季节变化规律,系数b则表现较为平稳;系数a、b的大小及变化说明了ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)彼此之间存在差异,且季节性明显;校正前后的ET_(0-HS)均存在不同程度的相对误差,但校正后的ET_(0-HS)的误差范围已经显著缩小;在具体的验证应用中,校正后的ET_(0-HS)并不完全是最优结果,实践中系数a、b的优选使用才是最佳方案。本研究验证的HS公式线性回归校正方法是实践中简便、可行的方案,对大尺度区域快速获得较高精度的参考作物需水量具有实际意义和推广价值。     

Expression and functional analysis of the Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) gene in the sheep ovary during the oestrous cycle

Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) is a regulator of cellular apoptosis and was previously identified via RNA-Seq to be associated with follicular development in mammalian ovaries. However, the mechanism underlying the FSTL3 regulation of oestrus in sheep remained poorly understood. In this study, the oestrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations in blood were detected, and the expression level and functional analysis of FSTL3 in the ovary were studied during the different reproductive stage in Aohan fine wool sheep (seasonal breeding breed in China). The concentrations of E2 and P4 at the anestrus were significantly lower compared to dioestrus, proestrus and oestrus stages. Higher expression levels of FSTL3 were observed in the sheep ovary, hypothalamus, and thyroid. During different reproductive stages, higher expression levels were found during the stages of dioestrus and proestrus, while lower levels were found during the oestrus and anestrus stages. Functional analysis of FSTL3 was performed in primary granulosa cells (GCs) of sheep. The concentration of E2 increased significantly after RNAi interference of FSTL3, while the P4 level decreased. FSTL3 can decrease P4 levels, which might be involved in mediating oestrous cycle in sheep.     

Effects of conservation tillage drills on soil quality indicators in a wheat–oilseed rape rotation: organic carbon,earthworms and water-stable aggregates

The effects of five conservation tillage drills with crop residue levels covering between 17% and 79% of the soil, and tillage depths ranging from 25 to 200 mm, were examined over 3 years. The tillage systems ranged from a relatively disruptive Farm System to a Low Disruption system, with three intermediate treatments labelled Sumo DTS, Claydon and Mzuri. The study involved field sites on a clay or clay loam soil, where winter wheat and oilseed rape were grown in rotation. In the clay field, the Mzuri and Low Disruption treatments, which produced the highest residue coverage, showed the greatest increase in surface total soil organic carbon (1.1 and 0.48 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively) between years 1 and 3. The least disruptive tillage system also resulted in the highest density of earthworms (181–228 m⁻²), and the most disruptive system produced the lowest densities (75–98 m⁻²). In the third year, the least disruptive system also showed a higher proportion of water-stable aggregates (29.8%) than the other treatments (22.7%–25.3%). Linear regressions showed positive relationships of both soil organic carbon and earthworm density with surface residue cover, and of the proportion of water-stable aggregates with soil organic carbon.     

间作对作物产量效应的Meta分析

旨在探明间作模式对作物产量的影响,为间作措施的合理应用和推广提供理论依据。该研究以单作为对照,利用Meta分析方法定量分析间作对作物产量的影响及其影响因素。结果表明,间作较单作显著降低了作物产量,尤其在温带地区。此外,在地面覆盖和豆科作物条件下,间作也降低了作物产量。然而,当降雨量超过600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量显著增加了29.6%。而当降雨量小于600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了18.7%。年均气温也显著影响间作的产量效应,当年均气温高于20℃时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了55.1%,长期间作（>5年）有利于提高产量,然而当年数少于3年时,间作较单作却降低了作物产量。高有机质含量(>20 g/kg)和低有机质含量(1 g/kg)条件下,间作均不利于作物产量提高。与此类似,当土壤全氮高于1.5 g/kg时,间作较单作的作物产量降低48.6%。间作对作物产量的降低幅度在pH 6.5~7.5时是最大的。当土壤有效磷、氮和钾含量分别为>30 mg/kg、 <50 mg/kg和50~100 mg/kg时间作较单作降低作物产量。因此,间作的产量效应受气候、试验年限和土壤性状等多种因素的影响。     

Influence of intra-row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals

In Northern Europe, inter-row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed-free inter-row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra-row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall-growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra-row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra-row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH₄-N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra-row plants/m² of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra-row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra-row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra-row weeds and limit crop losses.